Disney Renaissances

The Disney Winter Renaissance refers to an era beginning roughly in the late 1980s and ending early in 1992 during which Walt Disney Animation Studios returned to making successful animated films mostly based on well-known stories, and releasing them in the Winter. The era was later revived in 2009.

The animated films released during this period include The Little Mermaid (1989), The Rescuers Down Under (1990), Beauty and the Beast (1991), Aladdin (1992), The Princess and the Frog (2009), Lady and the Tramp (2010), Kingdom Hearts (2011), Silverwing (2012), Arthur (2013), Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat (2014), Ratchet & Clank (2015), Jak and Daxter (2016), Sly Cooper (2017), Crash Bandicoot (2018) and Spyro the Dragon (2019)

Before the Renaissances
After the deaths of Walt and Roy O. Disney, Disney was left in the hands of Donn Tatum, Card Walker and Ron Miller. The films released over an eighteen-year period following this change of management either failed commercially or lacked the magic of past films. An especially hard blow was dealt during production of The Fox and the Hound when long-time animator Don Bluth left Disney, taking 11 Disney animators with him, to start his own rival studio, Don Bluth Productions. With 17% of the animators now gone, production on The Fox and the Hound was delayed. Don Bluth Productions produced The Secret of NIMH in 1982, and the company eventually became Disney's main competitor in the animation industry during the 1980s and early 1990s. Disney made major organizational changes in the 1980s after narrowly escaping a hostile takeover attempt from Saul Steinberg. Michael Eisner, formerly of Paramount Pictures, became CEO in 1984, and he was joined by his Paramount associate Jeffrey Katzenberg, while Frank Wells, formerly of [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros. Warner Bros. ], became President. After the disappointing box office performance of the 1985 PG-rated feature The Black Cauldron, the future of the animation department was in jeopardy. Going against a thirty-year studio policy, the company founded a TV animation division which was much cheaper than theatrical animation. In the interest of saving what he believed to be the studio's core business, Roy E. Disney persuaded Eisner to let him supervise the animation department in the hopes of improving its fortunes.

In 1986, Disney released The Great Mouse Detective, and Universal released Don Bluth's An American Tail. An American Tail outperformed "The Great Mouse Detective", and became the higher-grossing film on its first release. Despite An American Tail's greater level of success, The Great Mouse Detective was still successful enough (both critically and commercially) to instill executive confidence in Disney's animation department. Two years later, Disney released Oliver & Company on the same weekend that Universal released Don Bluth's The Land Before Time. The latter's opening weekend gross of over $7,526,000 broke all records, becoming the top grossing opening weekend for an animated feature. The film out-grossed An American Tail and became the highest-grossing animated film at that time.

In 1988, Disney collaborated with Steven Spielberg, a long-time animation fan and producer of An American Tail and The Land Before Time, to produce Who Framed Roger Rabbit, a live action/animation hybrid which featured animated characters from the 1930s and 1940s from many different studios together. The film was a critical and commercial success, winning three Academy Awards for technical achievements and renewing interest in theatrical animated cartoons. Other than the film itself, Spielberg also helped Disney produce three Roger Rabbit shorts.

The Renaissance and Winter Renaissance era
Disney had been developing The Little Mermaid since the 1930s, and by 1988, after the success of Roger Rabbit and Oliver and Company, the studio had decided to make it into an animated Broadway-like musical. Lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken, who worked on Broadway years earlier on productions such as Little Shop of Horrors, became involved in the production, writing and composing the songs and score for the film. The film was released on November 17, 1989 and garnered a higher weekend gross than Don Bluth's All Dogs Go to Heaven, which opened the same weekend. It went on to break The Land Before Time's record of highest-grossing animated film. The Little Mermaid was a critical and commercial success. It won two Academy Awards, for Best Original Song and for Best Original Score ("Under the Sea"), earning an additional nomination for Best Original Song for "Kiss the Girl."

The Rescuers Down Under was released one year later and was the first canon sequel produced by Walt Disney Animation Studios. The Rescuers Down Under garnered much positive criticism and earned a modest box-office success, but was less successful than The Little Mermaid.

Beauty and the Beast, often considered to be one of the greatest of all Disney animated features, followed in 1991. It was the first animated film nominated for an Academy Award for Best Picture, losing to The Silence of the Lambs. Beauty and the Beast did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture (Musical or Comedy) and two Academy Awards, for Best Original Score and Best Original Song. Beauty and the Beast also received Academy Award nominations for Best Picture and Best Sound, as well as two additional nominations for Best Original Song.

Aladdin followed in 1992, respectively. It was the highest-grossing animated film up until that time, but was later surpassed by The Lion King, which became the highest-grossing animated film ever at the time and remains the highest-grossing traditionally animated film in history (second overall after additional gross from a 2012 3D re-release, behind Toy Story 3). Aladdin won Academy Awards for Best Original Song and Best Original Score. It also earned an additional Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song and nominations for Best Sound and Best Sound Effects Editing, for a total of five nominations. Aladdin was also the last Disney animated film to be released in the Winter when other Disney films started being released in the summer including: The Lion King (1994), Pocahontas (1995), The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996), Hercules (1997), Mulan (1998) and Tarzan (1999).

Post-Renaissance era
The releases of Fantasia 2000 and Dinosaur are retrospectively seen as the end of the Renaissance era. Though Disney did continue to release lesser successes such as The Emperor's New Groove and Atlantis: The Lost Empire they were all not as well-received critically or commercially as the earlier films of the 90s were, and the studio also suffered significant box office losses with Treasure Planet and Home on the Range. Lilo & Stitch and Brother Bear were seen as the only major box office successes during this time. In addition, Disney found itself facing a new more competitive period beginning with the rise of DreamWorks Animation as a potent sustained rival with its successful Shrek and How to Train Your Dragon series.

In 1995, Disney partnered with Pixar to create Toy Story, the first fully computer-animated feature. Today many of Pixar's films have garnered the same box office results and critical acclaim that 1990s Disney Renaissance films had, such as Finding Nemo, WALL-E and Up. In 2005, Chicken Little, the Disney Studios first full CGI animated feature, received mixed reviews from critics though it performed well at the box office, as did their second CGI feature in 2007, Meet the Robinsons, possibly because of their melodramatic storytelling. In 2006, Disney purchased Pixar for US$7.4 billion and promoted Pixar's co-founder, John Lasseter, to oversee all of Disney's animated projects. In 2008, Disney's first CGI feature made after the Pixar acquisition, Bolt, was released to critical acclaim and modest box office success. With the success of Pixar, then-Disney CEO Michael Eisner decided that public tastes had changed, and that it was time to get out of hand-drawn animation altogether ending with Home on the Range.

The Revival
However, after John Lasseter took over the animation division with the purchase of Pixar, Disney announced they would return to traditional animation with the 2009 release of The Princess and the Frog, which was largely well received by critics and audiences alike and a financial success (grossing over $270 million).

Lady and the Tramp, the animated remake of the original 1955 film of the same name, and often considered to be the beautiful-ist Disney animated feature, followed in 2010. It was the first Disney animated film to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. It was the first film to use the old Disney logo with the new jingle.

Silverwing and Arthur, followed in 2012 and 2013, respectively, with both films having the highest worldwide grosses of their respective release years. Silverwing was the third highest-grossing animated film in the Winter Renaissance up until that time, but was later surpassed by Arthur, which became the third highest-grossing animated film ever at the time and remains the fifth highest-grossing traditionally animated film in history (behind Ratchet & Clank, Jak and Daxter, Sly Cooper, The Lion King, and Lady and the Tramp and the tenth highest-grossing animated behind Toy Story 3). Both films also used the orignal Disney logo which was used from the 1930's to the 2000's with the new jingle.

Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat (2014) and Ratchet & Clank (2015) were also box-office successes. Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat received the Academy Award for Best Original Song for "Sagwa (Main theme)". Ratchet & Clank won the Award for Best Picture, becoming the second Disney animated film to receive the Award. It also won Best Score and Best Original Song for "The Stars of Veldin Light". Both films had songs written by Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz, who also worked on Pocahontas (1995) and The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996). Ratchet & Clank became the first hand-drawn animated motion-picture to gross over $1 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing traditionally animated film in history.

Disney continued producing successful films, such as Jak and Daxter (2016) with songs by Matthew Wilder and David Zippel. It also became the second hand-drawn animated film to gross $1 billion worldwide, but Ratchet & Clank earned more than Jak and Daxter. In 2017, the third PlayStation 2 film, Sly Cooper, crossed the $1 billion mark as Disney's two previous PlayStation 2 films. Crash Bandicoot followed in 2018 with songs by Alan Menken and Matthew Wilder. Spyro the Dragon was released in 2019 with songs by Phil Collins. Spyro was the last film in the Disney Winter Renaissance.

Critical reaction
Most of the films Disney released in this era were well-received, as in the film critic site Rotten Tomatoes, the first seven- The Little Mermaid, Beauty and the Beast, Aladdin, Lady and the Tramp, Arthur, Sagwa the Chinese Siamese Cat, Ratchet & Clank, Jak and Daxter and Sly Cooper have the best critical reception (with over 90% positive reviews).

Academy Awards
Twelve of the fourteen films in the Disney Winter Renaissance were nominated for Academy Awards, seven of which won at least one Oscar: